Sea Island cotton (Gossypium barbadense) is a cotton variety native to tropical regions in the Americas, especially in the regions of the Caribbean (West Indies) and the northern parts of South America.

By the late 18^th century, Sea Island Cotton was being cultivated on the sea islands (hence the name) off the coast of the southern United States, particularly in South Carolina and Georgia. This was due to the region’s favourable climate and the influence of the Gulf Stream.

By the mid-19th century, Sea Island Cotton had gained worldwide acclaim for its unparalleled quality, and it was highly sought after by European luxury goods manufacturers. The cotton fetched prices up to five times higher than other varieties.

The American Civil War disrupted Sea Island Cotton production significantly. Plantations were destroyed, and after the war, many formerly enslaved African Americans who were responsible for the cultivation of this cotton did not return to such labour, leading to a decline in its production.The boll weevil infestation in the early 20^th century further hurt Sea Island cotton crops. By the mid-20^th century, its production had decreased drastically, and cheaper, high-yield varieties became more common, further diminishing the significance of Sea Island cotton.

In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in Sea Island cotton. It’s once again being cultivated on a limited scale in the Sea Islands, as well as in the Caribbean, particularly in Barbados.